![]() ![]() The tune which is driven by female empowerment had the crowd shouting, “she’ll be fine on her own,” in unison. In their final moments in Grand Rapids, Hippo Campus gave the crowd exactly what they wanted and performed, “Buttercup,” a true anthem. A movie-like encore chant erupted welcoming the group back for another song. When the band walked off the stage, there was a yearning for more. The group finished its set with power bop, “Violet,” which features major punk influences and an extended guitar riff. Hippo Campus’ radiant warmth shows itself through their twinkling guitar hooks that give way to a sense of content and a rosy horizon. Showcasing the maturity of their discography, Hippo Campus followed up with hopeful pop-rock tune, “Golden.” Midway through their set, vocalist Jake Luppen exclaimed to touring merchandise supervisor, “You said no one would show up, but they showed up!” The boys rounded out the night with long time favorites including, “South” and “Suicide Saturday.” The crowd was full of strangers who became family for a few hours or at least that’s how the band made them feel. After walking their first steps onto the Intersection’s stage, the band opened with a sparkling rendition of the album title track, “Bambi.” Loyal fans gripped the front barricade as if the band had been around for decades. Its high moments were like mountain peaks, up in the clouds. The tight knit foursome performed a guitar-lead tune, “Lasting Friend,” which echoes the lyrics, “I’m not ashamed of my past,” while closing with a stunning cover of Heart’s “Barracuda.” Samia’s star-like persona was reflected in the eyes of those in the audience and brightened the room for the headliner.īoth visually and sonically colorful, Hippo Campus’ live performance was unlike any other. With a vocal style similar to Alanis Morissette and rebellion to match, Samia is set to take over the world quicker than we ever anticipated. The group stunned the crowd with its playful lyricism and raw expression of emotion. ![]() ![]() Hippo Campus’ highly memorable set was prefaced by Samia, a collective full of punk energy fronted by a howling vocalist. The denim-clad concert goers lined up around the block for an escape from their normal everyday rock variety. The 5-piece played the 1,500-capacity venue, The Intersection, just blocks away from the 420-capacity, Pyramid Scheme, in which they sold out earlier last year. The Minnesotans made their awaited return to Grand Rapids, Michigan on their “Bambi” tour supporting the group’s second full length release. Last Saturday night, Hippo Campus brought people together for a night of jump-worthy indie rock and celebration surrounding a successful new album cycle. ![]()
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![]() Jvb_1 | at $3.call(ComponentMain.java:300) Jvb_1 | at $3.call(ComponentMain.java:315) Jvb_1 | at .addComponent(ExternalComponentManager.java:222) Jvb_1 | at .addComponent(ExternalComponentManager.java:242) Jvb_1 | at .connect(ExternalComponent.java:243) Prosody_1 | jcp5589c98e94d0 info component disconnected: (false) Prosody_1 | mod_component info Disconnecting component, is: Given token does not match calculated token Prosody_1 | :component info Component authentication failed for Prosody_1 | jcp5589c98e94d0 info Incoming Jabber component connection ![]() ![]() SEVERE: Can not invite participant - no bridge available.ġ0:14:51 AM log INFO: Chat room event ChatRoomMemberPresenceChangeEvent member=ChatMember/ac2fda61, jid: 01, 2018 10:14:50 AM log INFO: Member /9c6efcea joined.ġ0:14:50 AM .util.Logger infoġ0:14:50 AM log INFO: Chat room event ChatRoomMemberPresenceChangeEvent member=ChatMember/9c6efcea, jid: 01, 2018 10:14:19 AM log INFO: Created new focus for conferences count: 1 options: ![]() INFO: Focus request for room: ġ0:14:18 AM log Forkers ztl8702 nerdbotlab isholaomotayo jmereaux stephenmoloney qualityminds wlovins tmp3000 juexun gctools-outilsgc chamerling tillhub clpacheco90 lsiv568 sipmaster nailyk-fr louisnorthmore funchatcam egzonzeneli rogervaas tezet medanis-bentili sapkra surevine netaskd rvolosatovs alexj27 900permonth alexcustos awasim129 irbux coccovax jkroepke taghouti bogdan-raduta alirezataleghani angelfreedomv micsoftware yurodo rhuantac inrg zhiji6 arcticknox lanjiachuan davidoster abokhan haviduck mackeyrms sifrdev g03024735 chenguangwei lianshufeng plfort nileshsargar angelo337 mbiomee zhouyinfei gbonnefille j3n50m4t icekool c-r-w davidlama melodywen arnuschky karrieretutor philrw mtthp wenthomas r900 onurbos danuamirudin codecooler tlemarchand cnxtech poying ddoom rizwan92 haghighi-ahmad aaykmr beninada monogramm trungtran0689 toby1991 forkkit teddycode davidbarthel huxulm sunsingerus dyoh777 javraindawn anandamohinidasi hnicke oguzozgen tang4 alexey-egoshin alladin75 tikoflano futureworkshops ztekin flyfreebsd docker-jitsi-meet's Issues Scaling Videobridgeġ0:14:18 AM .util.Logger info ![]() ![]() ![]() With that in mind, let’s take a look at the parameters of the plt.scatter function. You need to use the parameters of the function to tell it exactly what to plot, and how to plot it. To create a scatter plot with matplotlib though, you obviously can’t just call the function. For more information on that, see the examples below. ![]() Essentially, this code assumes that you’ve imported pyplot with the code import matplotlib.pyplot as plt. Keep in mind that we’re using the syntax plt to refer to pyplot. Here, we’re calling the function as plt.scatter(). Let’s take a look.įirst of all, notice the name of the function. To do this, we’re going to use the pyplot function plt.scatter().įor the most part, the synax is relatively easy to understand. The syntax of the matplotlib scatter plotĬreating a scatter plot with matplotlib is relatively easy. It makes visualization easier for some relatively standard plot types.Īs I mentioned, one of those plots that you can create with pyplot is the scatter plot. Ultimately, the tools from pyplot give you a simpler interface into matplotlib. For example, pyplot has simple functions for creating simple plots like histograms, bar charts, and scatter plots. Specifically, pyplot provides a set of functions for creating simple visualizations. Pyplot is a sub-module of the larger matplotlib module. To put it simply, pyplot is part of matplotlib. When you start working with matplotlib, you might read about pyplot. On the other hand, the complex syntax of matplotlib can make it more complicated to quickly create simple data visualizations. This makes the syntax very adaptable for different visualization problems. You can use matplotlib to create complex visualizations, because the syntax is very detailed. Some of those data visualizations can be extremely complex. It provides Python users with a toolkit for creating data visualizations. ![]() Matplotlib is a data visualization module for the Python programming language. Before I show you how to make a scatter plot with matplotlib, let me quickly explain what matplotlib is. Everything will make more sense that way. Examples of how to make a scatter plot with matplotlibĪgain though, if you’re a relative beginner and you have the time, I recommend that you read the full tutorial.The syntax for the matplotlib scatter plot.These links will bring you to the appropriate section in the tutorial. Having said that, if you just need quick help with something, you can click on one of the following links. Ideally, it’s best if you read the whole tutorial. Overall, the tutorial is designed to be read top to bottom, particularly if you’re new to Python and want the details of how to make a scatter plot in Python. This tutorial will show you how to make a matplotlib scatter plot, and it will show you how to modify your scatter plots too. You should know how to do this with your eyes closed. Having said that, if you want to do data science in Python, you really need to know how to create a scatter plot in matplotlib. The scatter plot is a relatively simple tool, but it’s also essential for doing data analysis and data science. In this tutorial, I’ll show you how to make a matplotlib scatter plot. ![]() ![]() ![]() The Heat stole home court by winning Game 2 in Denver, a game where Murray had a chance to force overtime with a 3-point try that missed at the end. It was 53-48 at halftime, before Denver pushed the lead to double digits for the first time early in the third and wound up leading by as many as 19 later in that period. A dunk by Adebayo put the Heat up 44-42 with 3:18 left in the half, before a 3-pointer by Murray represented the seventh and final lead change of the night. “That’s a dynamic duo right there.”Īdded Braun: “I would say that it’s what they do every game.” Aaron Gordon added 11 for Denver.Īnd afterward, they both marveled at what their stars did in Game 3. “We were more locked in, more focused,” Jokic said.Ĭhristian Braun was tremendous off the bench for the Nuggets, scoring 15 points on 7-for-8 shooting in 19 minutes. He finished 12 for 21 from the floor, 7 for 8 from the line, playing 44 minutes. It was Jokic’s 10th triple-double of these playoffs, extending his single-season record, and he was unbothered by whatever Miami threw his way. Draymond Green, Wilt Chamberlain, Larry Bird and Butler all had one title series with two triple-doubles. Magic Johnson and LeBron James each did it in three different finals. Officially, Jokic is now the seventh player to have two triple-doubles in the same finals. “And both those guys are elite-level talent.” “You have to expect there to be elite talent in the finals,” Heat coach Erik Spoelstra said. ![]() Murray and Jokic had the Nuggets too far ahead to get caught. The Heat got within nine on a 3-pointer by Duncan Robinson with 1:22 left, but there was no epic finish for Miami. The lead eventually reached 21, the outcome never seriously in doubt, and Jokic looking very much like he’s back in cruise control. “Tonight, we win the fourth quarter, we win the game.” “First two games, they won the fourth quarter,” Malone said. The Heat were down by 14 going into the fourth, and Malone reminded his club of Miami’s penchant for comebacks. Miami has been the comeback kings of these playoffs - seven rallies in games after trailing by at least 12 points. “But if we want to win, we’re going to have to figure it out.” ![]() “It’s not an easy task to do,” Butler said. Somehow, some way, the Heat know they need to find an answer before Friday. Jokic and Murray combined for 20 assists Miami had exactly that many. Jokic and Murray combined for 31 rebounds Miami had 33. Jokic and Murray combined for 24 field goals Miami had 34. While no teams have come back to win after being down 3-0, there are three teams that have rallied to tie up a series 3-3 and went on to lose Game 7.“We’ve got to come out with more energy and effort and that’s correctable,” Butler said. ![]() How many times has an NBA team come back from a 3-0 deficit in the playoffs? While no team should be ruled out until the series is officially over, let’s take a look at how many times a team has come back from a 3-0 deficit in the NBA playoffs. It would mark the second sweep of the 2022 NBA playoffs, with the Boston Celtics’ first-round triumph over the Brooklyn Nets being the other. With a loss in Tuesday’s Game 4, the Mavs would be sent home packing, while the Warriors would reach their fifth NBA Finals in seven seasons. The Mavs lost Games 1 and 2 in San Francisco before losing on their home floor in Game 3 on Sunday. are down 3-0 in their Western Conference finals series against the Golden State Warriors. The Dallas Mavericks are going to need a historic comeback if they want to keep their season alive.Īfter upsetting the Phoenix Suns in the second round, Luka Doncic and Co. ![]() ![]() That part of the story can’t be told without women, and Miranda brings women in. Many who barely knew his name ten years ago now talk about his work fighting in the war as a soldier, establishing our national financial system, writing the Federalist Papers, and butting heads with Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Monroe, among many others.īut the musical is also about history and how it gets written. Hamilton’s roles as a soldier in the American Revolution and as a Founding Father of the United States are being discussed on a scale not seen since his lifetime. Thanks to Lin-Manuel Miranda’s hit musical Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton is back in the public eye. Leslie Goddard portrays all three very different women – without ever leaving the stage. They and our other Founding Mothers could not vote or own property, but they were fervently patriotic and passionate women whose tireless pursuits on behalf of their families – and their country – proved just as crucial to the forging of a new nation as the rebellion that established it.Īlthough best known by the men they married, Hamilton’s wife and sisters-in-law were unmistakably Revolutionary. From glittering inaugural balls to bloody street riots, amidst the powder keg of the early days of the Revolution, the Schuyler sisters are at the center of it all – including political treachery and scandal. They dressed in the latest fashions and were courted by the most powerful men. The Schuyler sisters, Angelica, Eliza, and Peggy – daughters of the wealthy Philip Schuyler, Revolutionary War general and later U.S. ![]() All three Schuyler sisters portrayed by Leslie Goddard from Chicago, IL ![]() ![]() ![]() Install Final Cut Pro on your Mac using the same steps for Windows OS above.ĭiscovering the right Photo & Video app for your needs is hard, which is why we are happy to give you Final Cut Pro from Apple. Once Final Cut Pro is downloaded inside the emulator, locate/click the "All apps" icon to access a page containing all your installed applications including Final Cut Pro.The search will reveal the Final Cut Pro app icon.Open the Emulator app you installed » goto its search bar and search "Final Cut Pro".On your computer, goto the Downloads folder » click to install Bluestacks.exe or Nox.exe » Accept the License Agreements » Follow the on-screen prompts to complete installation. Install the emulator on your PC or Mac:.Download Bluestacks Pc or Mac software Here >. We recommend Bluestacks because you can easily find solutions online if you run into problems while using it. Download an Android emulator for PC and Mac:.System requirements: macOS 11.5.1 or later, 4GB of RAM (8GB recommended for 4K editing, 3D titles, and 360° video editing), Metal-capable graphics card, 1GB of VRAM recommended for 4K editing, 3D titles, and 360° video editing, 4.5GB of available disk space. XML import and export for third-party workflows ![]() Export of audio stems and multiple versions using roles metadata Fast export for playback on Apple devices and upload to websites HDR viewing on MacBook Pro and Pro Display XDR Color grading with powerful color wheels and curves Audio editing with Logic-based effects and background noise reduction Third-party FxPlug plug-ins with custom interfaces Improved speed and efficiency on Mac computers with Apple silicon Smart Collections for dynamic content organization Proxy copies for portability and performance Libraries for efficient media management and collaboration Smart Conform for square or vertical delivery Multicamera editing with automatic syncing and up to 64 camera angles Depth effect for video shot in Cinematic mode on iPhone 13 Object Tracker for automatic matching of titles and effects to movement Enhanced Timeline Index for rearranging audio roles Some Motion templates on this web page are available from .- Magnetic Timeline for faster, easier editing.Performance tests are conducted using specific computer systems and reflect the approximate performance of Mac Studio and iMac. Pre‑release Final Cut Pro 10.6.2 tested using a complex 5‑minute project with 8K ProRes 422 media. Testing conducted by Apple in February 2022 using pre‑production Mac Studio systems with Apple M1 Ultra, 20‑core CPU, 64‑core GPU, 128GB of RAM and 8TB SSD, as well as production 3.6GHz 10‑core Intel Core i9–based 27‑inch iMac systems with Radeon Pro 5700 XT graphics with 16GB of GDDR6, 128GB of RAM and 8TB SSD.Pre‑release Final Cut Pro 10.6.2 tested using a 5‑minute project with 4K Apple ProRes 4444 media, at 3840x2160 resolution and 23.98 frames per second, transcoded to Apple ProRes 422. Performance tests are conducted using specific computer systems and reflect the approximate performance of Mac Studio. Pre‑release Final Cut Pro 10.6.2 tested using a 1‑minute picture-in-picture project with 18 streams of Apple ProRes 422 video at 8192x4320 resolution and 30 frames per second, as well as a 1‑minute picture-in-picture project with 56 streams of Apple ProRes 422 video at 3840x2160 resolution and 29.97 frames per second. Testing conducted by Apple in February 2022 using pre‑production Mac Studio systems with Apple M1 Ultra, 20-core CPU, 64-core GPU, 128GB of RAM and 8TB SSD.macOS Ventura or later is required to edit Cinematic mode video captured on devices with iOS 16 or later. macOS Monterey or later is required to edit Cinematic mode video on devices with iOS 15. ![]() ![]() "This is because Stanford Hall will be an East Midlands facility, not just a local one." "It appears there will be fewer beds available to Nottingham and Notts patients, even though there will be more overall. "Not all will have a car available and it is a significant walk from the nearest bus stop. "What arrangements are going to be made, if any, to assist visitors with transport and transport costs? Mike Scott from the group said: "We continue to have a number of concerns about this proposal. Linden Lodge will be closed as a result, as it requires "a substantial amount of investment and maintenance" and "could not be adapted to facilitate modern medical approaches".Ĭampaign group Nottingham and Notts Keep Our NHS Public had opposed the closure of "local units in favour of much less accessible regional ones." ![]() Plans suggest the NHS facility is expected to have around 150 staff, seeing 800 patients a year, and with a total of 70 beds.įor military reasons, the NHS side will be separated from the Ministry of Defence facility by a fence, but at set times the civilians will be able to use the facilities on the military site. The military rehabilitation centre is already based there. It will be closed and moved to the site of The Defence National Rehabilitation Centre (DNRC) at Stanford Hall, near East Leake. Linden Lodge is a 25-bed unit for patients aged 16 and over with a wide range of neurological conditions including major brain injury, spinal cord injury, Multiple Sclerosis and Cerebral Palsy based at Nottingham City Hospital. It comes after months of consultation and opposition from a health campaign group which was concerned about the distance patients would have to travel. Nottingham and Nottinghamshire's Clinicial Commissioning Group, which funds services on behalf of the NHS, has backed the deal. ![]() We often work closely with families, specialists, rehabilitation centres, therapists and other health professionals to ensure we tailor our support to meet the needs of the individual.A Nottingham rehabilitation centre providing support to people with serious injuries and conditions is set to move 16 miles away from the city. ![]() Our skilled carers are trained to deliver clinical support where needed. Many Caring Hands Nottingham carers also have the experience and expertise to provide specialist care for people with behavioural needs, disabilities, dementia or post traumatic injuries. Our support can range from preparing and cooking meals, shopping, cleaning and washing to also managing medication and helping with other personal matters. We provide a critical role in visiting homes in towns and remote rural areas to ensure the old, disabled, sick and injured are cared for in the comfort of their own homes.Ĭarers often travel long distances to visit homes to meet and support people who come to rely on us as friends and companions while also providing essential services. All of our carers are encouraged to embrace our collective responsibility to make life better for colleagues and service users.Ĭaring Hands Nottingham care workers, many with specialist skills, help people with complex needs, work 24-7 to help elderly and vulnerable people. ![]() Central to Caring Hands Nottingham is RESPECT, an aspirational philosophy that drives everything we do, internally and externally. ![]() ![]() ![]() She is also Volunteer Coordinator for Osceola Elementary School. Janice serves on the Board of Directors for both the tag! Children’s Museum and 1st Church of Christ, Scientist St. She holds a Seal Of Approval from The American Meteorological Society, a Bachelor of Arts in Media Performance from Florida State University and a Bachelor of Science in Geosciences from Mississippi State University. Janice has been the recipient of the NBC Universal Ovation Award and the GE General Manager’s Award. She also developed and taught “Junior Meteorology” camp to K-2 grade students. ![]() Janice developed “The Lightning Laboratory” an educational symposium designed to raise awareness about one of Florida’s most impactful weather events. She’s been a panelist for both the North Carolina State Hurricane Forecasting Forum and MSNBC’s Hurricane Roundtable. Over the years, Janice has produced and hosted countless television weather specials and has appeared on MSNBC for her hurricane expertise. She started her career as news producer and writer at NBC Jacksonville. Janice is most known for her work as Chief Meteorologist at FOX Orlando and NBC Raleigh, as well as meteorologist and environmental reporter at NBC Savannah. Recently, CycleHere Media was selected as a two-time winner during the 35 th Annual Telly Awards. Augustine-based company specializing in video marketing, storytelling and photography. ![]() She is president of CycleHere Media, LLC, a St. Janice is a communications professional with more than 20 years-experience in broadcast journalism, media relations and video and social media marketing. Meet Janice… I’m a woman who doesn’t like to be told she can’t do something… I am a storyteller, outdoors lover, spiritual thinker, meteorologist, TV veteran, secret chef, boy wrangler, dog walker, and owner of CycleHereMedia ![]() ![]() ![]() This reduces the amount of fume emissions and increase the longevity of the nozzles,” its developers add.īut there’s plenty of room for other upgrades as well. “The nozzle modules use a peek cap to prevent plastic residue sticking on the nozzle surface. In fact, three nozzle sizes are possible: a 0.2mm HD nozzle for an uncharacteristically high resolution for an FDM 3D printer, a normal 0.4mm nozzle and a 0.6mm nozzle for high speed 3D printing. ![]() The print head is easily maintained and allows for quick nozzle changes. What’s more, the Cetus3D build plate is coated with a special surface coating that optimizes PLA adherence without complicating the print removal process.Īt the same time, this minimalism allows for plenty of customization options. The Y axis is carefully calibrated in factory, so under normal usage, there is no need to for users to calibrate the 3D printer upon arrival,” the Chinese engineers add. “ there is no moving part between the slider and the build plate, which ensures that the build surface is flat and parallel along the X axis. The Cetus3D’s build plate is made from aluminum too, and is affixed directly to the linear guide. A strong fan is therefore included for optimal cooling and to improve the level of detail. Of course, you need some other components to ensure a good 3D printing quality. “It occupies a small space but provide a rather big build volume,” its manufacturer Tiertime rightly say. As far as desktop 3D printers go, the Cetus3D printer thus offers an excellent print volume to machine volume ratio. ![]() This also makes it one of the lightest metal-bodied 3D printers out there, weighing just 3.2 kg (or 7lb) – light enough to be very portable.īut despite that low weight, the Cetus3D still has an respectable build volume of 180 x 180 x 180mm (7 x7 x 7 inches), out of a total machine dimension of 260 x 260 x 280 mm (10.2 x 10.2 x 11inches). The Cetus3D features an aluminum body that has been brought down to just six separate modules: three axis modules, one electronic module, one print bed module, and one extruder module. This also pushes down costs, with the Cetus3D printer starting as low as $199 on Kickstarter.Īnd when we say minimalist, that’s not necessarily a bad thing. Best described as minimalist, this 3D printer doesn’t feature any unnecessary extras and simply focuses on the essentials – providing an open, high quality 3D printing experience. That question has just been highlighted by a brand-new desktop 3D printer called the Cetus3D, by the Chinese 3D printer manufacturer Tiertime Technology (makers of the Up! series of 3D printers) from Beijing. As a result, destop 3D printers are increasingly starting to look alike, aside from a few little extras. In response to growing competition, many desktop 3D printer developers tend to incorporate many cool features and gadgets, while others focus entirely on plug-and-play abilities or software. The market for desktop 3D printing is getting a bit crazy, and it can be very hard to find exactly what you want. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format was released in 1987 with 48 kHz sampling. Some digital audio was provided for domestic use in two incompatible EIAJ formats, corresponding to 525/59.94 (44,056 Hz sampling) and 625/50 (44.1 kHz sampling). ![]() in UK and Japan), because this is sufficient for FM stereo broadcasts, which have 15 kHz bandwidth. In the early 1980s, a 32 kHz sampling rate was used in broadcast (esp. A 50 kHz sample rate, used by Soundstream in the 1970s, following a 37 kHz prototype. Several other sampling rates were also used in early digital audio. The 88.2 kHz and 176.4 kHz rates are primarily used when the ultimate target is a CD. Various halvings and doublings of 44.1 kHz are used – the lower rates 11.025 kHz and 22.05 kHz are found in WAV files, and are suitable for low-bandwidth applications, while the higher rates of 88.2 kHz and 176.4 kHz are used in mastering and in DVD-Audio – the higher rates are useful both for the usual reason of providing additional resolution (hence less sensitive to distortions introduced by editing), and also making the low-pass filtering easier, since a much larger transition band (between human-audible at 20 kHz and the sampling rate) is possible. NTSC has 490 active lines per frame, out of 525 lines total PAL has 588 active lines per frame, out of 625 lines total.Ĥ4,100 is the product of the squares of the first four prime numbers ( 2 2 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 7 2 ) and hence has many useful integer factors. 44.1 kHz was deemed the highest usable rate compatible with both PAL and NTSC video and requiring encoding no more than 3 samples per video line per audio channel. To enable reuse with minimal modification of the video equipment, these ran at the same speed as video, and used much of the same circuitry. The 44.1 kHz sampling frequency allows for a 2.05 kHz transition band.įurther information: PCM adaptor § OperationĮarly digital audio was recorded to existing analog video cassette tapes, as VCRs were the only available transports with sufficient capacity to store meaningful lengths of digital audio. The wider this transition band is, the easier and more economical it is to make an anti-aliasing filter. While an ideal low-pass filter would perfectly pass frequencies below 20 kHz (without attenuating them) and perfectly cut off frequencies above 20 kHz, such an ideal filter is theoretically and practically impossible to implement as it is noncausal, so in practice a transition band is necessary, where frequencies are partly attenuated. In addition, signals must be low-pass filtered before sampling to avoid aliasing. Since human hearing range is roughly 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the sampling rate had to be greater than 40 kHz. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem says the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the maximum frequency one wishes to reproduce. The technical reasoning behind the rate being chosen is associated with characteristics of human hearing and early digital audio recording systems as described below. Ultimately Sony prevailed on both sample rate (44.1 kHz) and bit depth (16 bits per sample, rather than 14 bits per sample). The actual choice of rate was the point of some debate, with other alternatives including 44.1 / 1.001 ≈ 44.056 kHz (corresponding to the NTSC color field rate of 60 / 1.001 = 59.94 Hz) or approximately 44 kHz, proposed by Philips. The rate was chosen following debate between manufacturers, notably Sony and Philips, and its implementation by Sony, yielding a de facto standard. The exact sampling rate of 44.1 kHz was inherited from PCM adaptors which was the most affordable way to transfer data from the recording studio to the CD manufacturer at the time the CD specification was being developed. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a sampling rate of more than twice the maximum frequency of the signal to be recorded is needed, resulting in a required rate of at least 40 kHz. The selection of the sample rate was based primarily on the need to reproduce the audible frequency range of 20–20,000 Hz (20 kHz). This sampling frequency is commonly used for MP3 and other consumer audio file formats which were originally created from material ripped from compact discs. Its use has continued as an option in 1990s standards such as the DVD, and in 2000s, standards such as HDMI. This then became the basis for Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), defined in the Red Book standard in 1980. The 44.1 kHz sampling rate originated in the late 1970s with PCM adaptors, which recorded digital audio on video cassettes, notably the Sony PCM-1600 introduced in 1979 and carried forward in subsequent models in this series. Early digital audio was recorded on U-matic video cassette tapes. ![]() |